Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Organizations - Essay Example It is known that a creditor who has a claim against a sole proprietor has all rights to receive all his personal and business assets. It is called unlimited liability. The sole proprietor is allowed to run his business under his own name without any other words. Advantages: all profits are received by sole proprietor, relatively low start-up costs and capital, the greatest freedom from regulation, minimal working capital, tax advantages to owner of the business, owner has the direct control over the decision-making process. Disadvantages: unlimited liability, difficulties in raising capital and lack of continuity in sole proprietorship if the owner is absent for a long time. (Lucas 2002) Partnership is an agreement when two or more sides (persons) are going to combine their available resources in one business. Partnership agreement has to be signed with the assistance of lawyers, because in case of dissolution or disagreement the business should protect its shareholders or other partners. According to the agreement terms partners has to share in all the profits. There are two forms of partnerships: general partnership (all partners are personally liable for all debts and obligations) and limited partnership (some members are responsible for debts). (Adelson 2002) Advantages: easy formation, relatively low start-up costs, additional available resources of investments, possible t

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay Feminism is dead. What exactly do I mean? Feminism is meant to be about gender equality, but this is no longer true. Instead, feminism has become synonymous with misandry—the hatred of men. Men are society’s official scapegoats while women are portrayed as victims. Men are often penalized for the collective guilt of men throughout history, and women feel they deserve compensation for this perceived victimization in the past. While the early feminist movement ensured equal opportunity for women, it now serves women’s special interests. Popular opinion portrays men as violent and animalistic, while women are viewed as caring and matronly. This is a misnomer perpetuated by a gynocentric society. According to a 2003 study by the Domestic Violence Research Center, it is estimated that 6 million men are victims of domestic violence in Canada alone, accounting for nearly half of all instances of domestic violence. However, fewer than 100,000 cases of male domestic abuse were reported. While it is true that women make up a larger percentage of rape victims, one in thirty-three men is raped or attempted to be raped by a woman. Even more shocking is that less than 1% of all male rape cases are ever reported. Barbara Kay, a Canadian gender equalist, says that the disparity between the reported cases and estimated cases is†¦ â€Å"Due to cultural norms that require men to present a strong facade†¦ men are less likely to verbalize fear of any kind. † Further discrimination happens against fathers. It is commonly assumed that the best interests of the child coincide with the best interests of the mother, but this simply isn’t true. In the study conducted by Patrick Fagan and Dorothy Hanks published in The Child Abuse Crisis: The Disintegration of Marriage, Family, and the American Community, the most likely perpetrator of abuse to a child is the child’s mother. The father is the parent most likely to be the protector of children, and the same study found that the presence of a father greatly lessens the risk of child sexual abuse. Yet many child custody laws in Canada and the United States strongly favor women. Approximately 70% of all custody cases are awarded to women in Western culture, and this percentage drastically increases in America and in the South. Most significantly, though, is the guilt that men must endure. Masculine traits are considered shameful or low-brow, while feminine traits are viewed as refined or high-brow. Overt manliness is something likened to piggishness or idiocy. Male sexuality is depicted as lustful harassment, while female sexuality is flaunted as beautiful and elegant. The hatred of men has become so mainstream that even Hallmark—known for its politically correct sentiments—features cards reading â€Å"There are plenty of things easier than finding a good man†¦ Nailing Jell-O to a tree, for instance. † or â€Å"Men are scum†¦ Excuse me. For a second there, I was feeling generous. † Hallmark is not the only one making money off of popular prejudice: TV shows, books, comic strips and even the new media all pander to this sexist trend. Western culture is seen as the height of the civil rights movement. Great activists like Louisa G. Anderson and Susan B. Anthony revolutionized Britain, America and the rest of the world. Modern feminism, however, caters to the personal gain and special interests of women. Gender equality applies to men and women alike, despite efforts by feminist elitist to degrade and exclude the male gender. Men endure much of the same injustice as women. Misandry is of equal importance to misogyny, and should be treated with the same intolerance.

Should Ecstasy be legal? :: essays research papers

â€Å"Ecstasy†, a drug with many different opinions and views, is often viewed as a killer, which is a stretch of the truth. The drug is sometimes thought of as one of the worst things in the world, but also as the best. Health issues are a problem and there have been some deaths .The deaths though are no way near the number of alcohol or cigarette deaths. How could such a beautiful word be considered such a horrible thing . Ecstasy can kill, but you can die tomorrow by being hit by a car or getting shot, why not live your life to the fullest. Live everyday as if it were your last, but don’t be stupid about it. Ecstasy does not kill a person, that’s just the excuse they use for ruining their life or killing themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain people including doctors and parents have set up and had conferences and meetings to inform other parents and children of the â€Å"hug drug.† A man named Jeff Milgram wrote a article on www.lindesmith.org he said, â€Å"usually when your children would ask you if they could attend a non-alcoholic dance, you would be more than happy to let them attend. But do you really know what they are getting into? Those â€Å"dances† are known as raves and are one of them ultimate and most popular place to drop ‘E’ †.Health hazards range from any where to raise in temperature and faintness to nausea and grinding of the teeth .But continued use can result in â€Å"holes† in the brain and even liver damage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes ecstasy is used at â€Å"raves†, but not by everyone. Natural â€Å"ravers† (sober ravers), are given a bad rap because their title â€Å"raver† is automatically connected to ecstasy. Yes many people at raves drop ecstasy but just as many do not. Many people have been permanently effected by â€Å"ecstasy â€Å", but those people say that the drug â€Å"ruined their life† when in actuality â€Å"they ruined their own life.† A girl named Sarah who was interviewed by channel 6 â€Å"true life on ecstasy â€Å" had done ecstasy for 3 years. However, the mistake in her part was that she had done it almost EVERY day. When she had gotten her brain scanned, she had a brain of a 75-year-old woman who had multiple strokes. Sarah at the time was only 25, but take into consideration that she more than â€Å"abused † the drug.

My Eating Disorder - I Had a Problem with Food Essay example -- Person

My Eating Disorder - I Had a Problem with Food Everyone wanted to see me get fat, I was sure of it. For once in my life I had some semblance of control over my body in a way no else did. Managing my body took discipline and I was not going to have anyone interfere. I sat crouched in the small space between my parents’ bathtub and toilet, the cool white ceramic tiles reflecting the blonde of my hair, the tears that somehow managed to eke out of the eye ducts were streaming down my hot, mucus slathered face. In the corner behind the toilet, the dog hair swirled in little eddies, and the rim of the toilet had faint speckles of urine, unnoticeable to anyone not at eye level. The shower was on and the fan running as a distraction. Every once in awhile I would knock a bar of soap into the tub with a heavy thud or set a bottle down hard enough so that anyone listening at the door would be fooled and actually think I was in the shower. I used to vomit in the shower, pushing the chunks of food and bright colored foamy mucus down th e drain, but one night, in my hurry to clean up, I had not been able to push a slice of pickle down the drain grates and my mother found it. Pickles, raw vegetables, and spaghetti were the hardest foods to fit down the drain. As I basked in the hazy afterglow of my purge I tasted the blood, sweet and thick as it trickled down my throat and knuckles. Lately there had been more blood and my knuckles were forming bright red raised scaly patches, scarring over in thick nubs from the constant scraping against my teeth. After a meal or a drink I would wait ten agonizing minutes until I could leave the table and say I was taking a bath. Locking myself in the bathroom I would run the water, hover over the toilet... ...awed its way into my mind. For every plea food made to be eaten, and every moment my emaciated belly begged to absorb it there was an even louder voice in me that told me to deny it. There was a constant battle raging; food and my physical body on one side, my brain on the other side, telling me I was weak, fat, and a slob. The fear of food was only one small link to my anorexia. Although other emotional issues catalyzed my anorexia, starvation simply a manifestation of my deeper psychological problems, the fear and anxiety I felt around food was the most accessible avenue to understanding and explaining my condition. To admit my fear of food was not only a starting point from which to begin recovery, but it was also a point of personal acceptance, finally admitting to myself that I had become a prisoner in my own body, cowering from the voices screaming in my mind.

Aristotle view on politics Essay

Political science studies the tasks of the politician or statesman (politikos), in much the way that medical science concerns the work of the physician (see Politics IV. 1). It is, in fact, the body of knowledge that such practitioners, if truly expert, will also wield in pursuing their tasks. The most important task for the politician is, in the role of lawgiver (nomothetes), to frame the appropriate constitution for the city-state. This involves enduring laws, customs, and institutions (including a system of moral education) for the citizens. Once the constitution is in place, the politician needs to take the appropriate measures to maintain it, to introduce reforms when he finds them necessary, and to prevent developments which might subvert the political system. This is the province of legislative science, which Aristotle regards as more important than politics as exercised in everyday political activity such as the passing of decrees (see EN VI. 8). Aristotle frequently compares the politician to a craftsman. The analogy is imprecise because politics, in the strict sense of legislative science, is a form of practical knowledge, while a craft like architecture or medicine is a form of productive knowledge. However, the comparison is valid to the extent that the politician produces, operates, maintains a legal system according to universal principles (EN VI. 8 and X. 9). In order to appreciate this analogy it is helpful to observe that Aristotle explains the production of an artifact in terms of four causes: the material, formal, efficient, and final causes (Phys.II. 3 and Met. A. 2). For example, clay (material cause) is molded into a vase shape (formal cause) by a potter (efficient or moving cause) so that it can contain liquid (final cause). (For discussion of the four causes see the entry on Aristotle’s physics. ) One can also explain the existence of the city-state in terms of the four causes. It is a kind of community (koinonia), that is, a collection of parts having some functions and interests in common (Pol. II. 1. 1261a18, III. 1. 1275b20). Hence, it is made up of parts, which Aristotle describes in various ways in different contexts: as households, or economic classes (e. g. , the rich and the poor), or demes (i. e. , local political units). But, ultimately, the city-state is composed of individual citizens (see III. 1. 1274a38–41), who, along with natural resources, are the â€Å"material† or â€Å"equipment† out of which the city-state is fashioned (see VII. 14. 1325b38-41). The formal cause of the city-state is its constitution (politeia). Aristotle defines the constitution as â€Å"a certain ordering of the inhabitants of the city-state† (III. 1. 1274b32-41). He also speaks of the constitution of a community as â€Å"the form of the compound† and argues that whether the community is the same over time depends on whether it has the same constitution (III. 3. 1276b1–11). The constitution is not a written document, but an immanent organizing principle, analogous to the soul of an organism. Hence, the constitution is also â€Å"the way of life† of the citizens (IV. 11.1295a40-b1, VII. 8. 1328b1-2). Here the citizens are that minority of the resident population who possess full political rights (III. 1. 1275b17–20). The existence of the city-state also requires an efficient cause, namely, its ruler. On Aristotle’s view, a community of any sort can possess order only if it has a ruling element or authority. This ruling principle is defined by the constitution, which sets criteria for political offices, particularly the sovereign office (III. 6. 1278b8–10; cf. IV. 1. 1289a15–18). However, on a deeper level, there must be an efficient cause to explain why a city-state acquires its constitution in the first place. Aristotle states that â€Å"the person who first established [the city-state] is the cause of very great benefits† (I. 2. 1253a30–1). This person was evidently the lawgiver (nomothetes), someone like Solon of Athens or Lycurgus of Sparta, who founded the constitution. Aristotle compares the lawgiver, or the politician more generally, to a craftsman (demiourgos) like a weaver or shipbuilder, who fashions material into a finished product (II.12. 1273b32–3, VII. 4. 1325b40–1365a5). The notion of final cause dominates Aristotle’s Politics from the opening lines: Since we see that every city-state is a sort of community and that every community is established for the sake of some good (for everyone does everything for the sake of what they believe to be good), it is clear that every community aims at some good, and the community which has the most authority of all and includes all the others aims highest, that is, at the good with the most authority. This is what is called the city-state or political community. [I. 1. 1252a1–7] Soon after, he states that the city-state comes into being for the sake of life but exists for the sake of the good life (2. 1252b29–30). The theme that the good life or happiness is the proper end of the city-state recurs throughout the Politics (III. 6. 1278b17-24, 9. 1280b39; VII. 2. 1325a7–10). To sum up, the city-state is a hylomorphic (i. e., matter-form) compound of a particular population (i. e. , citizen-body) in a given territory (material cause) and a constitution (formal cause). The constitution itself is fashioned by the lawgiver and is governed by politicians, who are like craftsmen (efficient cause), and the constitution defines the aim of the city-state (final cause, IV. 1. 1289a17–18). For a further discussion of this topic, see the following supplementary document:

9 People You Need In Your Life Right Now

9 People You Need In Your Life Right Now You want to be great? You’d better start surrounding yourself with great people. ASAP. Whether this is mentors, or pals, or teammates, the idea is the same- great people attract other great people. And, most importantly, they all attract greatness. Make sure your personal network is great so you can be too. Find yourself a few types from this list and you’ll be well on your way:1. The Kind and Loyal FriendDon’t underestimate the selfless person who is always willing to lend a hand when you need one most. This person is going to root for your success, not just their own. And if they see you need something, or they notice your potential, they’ll go out of their way to help you. They’ll also be your constant cheerleader.2. The Strategist/PlannerThis is a great person to have around if you’re not particularly strategy-minded yourself. Find someone who knows you and knows what you want to help you figure out how to get there when you feel like you are floundering around for answers- someone who will give you seasoned advice and help you make a game plan that you’ll actually follow through with.3. The CoachEverybody needs somebody in their corner, particularly someone who will also call you on your crap and push you to do better than you are doing. Someone older and wiser who can help you figure out how to solve problems for yourself in the long run.4. The MentorA mentor is less psychologically important than the coach, but much more instrumentally important. Pick someone with experience and success in the field you want to work in. Learn from them. The better you do, the better they will feel about their mentoring skills. Everybody wins!5. The ChallengerYes men are everywhere. You need people on Team You. But you also need people who remain agnostic about how well you do at any given thing and are willing to tell you the hard truths or force you to confront a problem from a different angle or look at a situation in a different way. Find yourself a devil’s advocate who will scrutinize your ideas and plans honestly, without feeling like they’re going to hurt your feelings.6. The EnergizerFind someone who pumps you up! Whenever you are down or enervated or just plain uninspired, know who to turn to. It could be one person, or a group of people, or everyone in your life. Just find a way to recharge your inspiration batteries on the quick.7. The Real FriendEveryone needs someone they can go to when they don’t have it in them to act or impress or be on their guard. Find someone you can just be real with. Then find more. This can be your partner, or your pals, or your family, or, preferably, all of the above.8. The ConnectorConnectors are exceedingly rare but unbelievably helpful. They long to meet people, root for them and connect them to other people. These are people with a deep network who know someone for any possible need. Find this person and never displease them! They can e asily be the key to your success.9. The OptimistYou really need to know someone like this if you tend to lean toward cynicism or pessimism. Find someone who can help you see the silver lining, even in the direst situations. Think of this person as your moral flashlight out of the dark caves of despair!

Auditory and visual messages Essays

Auditory and visual messages Essays Auditory and visual messages Essay Auditory and visual messages Essay Critics are always highlighting the fact that air traffic controllers use 1960s vintage equipment. One of the said critics provided an illustration as to how problems are exacerbated by the antiquated design of the system and he wrote, Though his radar is two-dimensional, the controller must envision the planes’ flight paths in three dimensions †¦ He must take into account that, say, one plane is turning sharply and rapidly descending while the other is slowly climbing †¦ he’ll quickly get on his radio to instruct one of the pilots †¦ only if his message isn’t garbled or drowned out or misunderstood will an accident be averted (Leslie, 1996).But in the 1990s much has been done to prevent this frightening possibility from ever occurring. It is a good thing that improved aircraft technology, has now made it possible to fly with precision. The pilots can work with computers to input any desired path from one point to another in the continental United States †¦ and to optimize for whatever criteria are desired – distance, time, fuel consumption, and so forth (Remington et al., 2000).In this way pilots can have more freedom and more authority to navigate constricted airspaces and position their aircraft to achieve time-efficient schedules while at the same time preventing accidents from happening. Aside from the ability to optimize flight patterns a free flight system eliminates potential errors coming from auditory messages – the typical means of communication between traffic controllers and pilots.This is illustrated below: It must also be made clear that air traffic controllers are not only responsible for positioning aircrafts and guiding pilots on where to go especially if the volume of traffic re aches a critical point. Air traffic controllers are also responsible in guiding pilots if an emergency arises. There are so many things that can go wrong in an airports.The arrival and departure of airplanes require the skill and dedication of experienced air traffic controllers who are knowledgeable not only on how to direct and guide pilots but they are also aware about other relevant information that can help in an emergency but may be non-essential for a pilot whose main goal is to land and fly the airplane in the most efficient manner. Thus, air traffic controllers are knowledgeable about the following information but there is no guarantee that pilots are aware of the same: Traffic volume and flow;Types of aircraft operating within the sector; Location and activity of nearby terminal facilities; Special operations and procedures (e. g. military operations); Equipment limitations; and Radar and radio coverage (Durso et al. , 2004). Free Flight In the worlds of experts, One proposed change to the national airspace system, designed to increase its capacity, involves allocating more authority over flight path selection to the individual pilot. This proposed increase in pilot authority has been termed free flight or use-preferred routing (Wickens, Helleberg, Xu, 2002).As mentioned earlier not only are air traffic controllers overburdened by an increasing workload, their equipment are also limited to two dimensional displays while pilots had a much better vantage point when it comes to observing the world outside their cockpits. In short if pilots are given access to technology that will allow them to be aware of nearby airplanes as well as the trajectories open for them, they are in a better position to decide what to do with their aircraft while approaching to land.One example of a technology that can initiate the transition from antiquated air traffic management systems to free flight is an equipment called Cock pit display of traffic information or (CDTI) and data link communications system. According to those who are knowledgeable about this system, One function of CDTI will be to help pilots understand where traffic outside can be spotted and thus aid them I calling out traffic in sight’ by replacing traditional role of ATC I guiding attention through oral instructions (e.g. watch for traffic, 10:00 high, 2 miles out). In the case of the data link, the intention is to provide a visual text version of instructions (e. g. climb to flight level 220). (Wickens Goh, 2003). Figure 1, is one of the best illustration that can help explain the weakness of the traditional system of communication when there is an over reliance on auditory messages. Fig. 2. CDTI can be seen on the black display on the left while the data link messages can be seen in the white rectangle just above CDTI.(Source: Wickens Goh, 2003) Problems Encountered While there is great promise to the use of free flight sys tems there are those who have reservations to quickly adopting the new method of air traffic management. For one, This alteration could have major implications for a single-pilot aircraft, in which visual attention is already heavily burdened by responsibilities of instrument-panel scanning and outside-world world monitoring (Wickens Goh, 2003).There are planes that have only one pilot and the technological advances such as the one described in the preceding pages may overwhelm the solitary pilot. But there is one more problem associated with free flight. Even with the use present day aircraft design and instrument panels a pilot is already overburdened by the need to pay careful attention to the details of the flight. Thus, †¦changing from auditory to visual communication in an already very busy visual environment (Wickens Goh, 2003), can be a tough challenge.

buy custom Mental State after War essay

buy custom Mental State after War essay Mental state is that psychological state which indicates the mental health status of an individual as he carries his day to day activities. The main aim of this essay is to describe the mental state of the main character in the drama, ' The Man Outside' Beckmann and the kind of state the world in after the war.The play describes the return of a hopeless soldier known as Backmann who come back to his country after being in the war field in Russia, to the disbelief of this character he finds that he had lost his home , wife and in addition his beliefs and illusions. Beckmann find himself in a situation where every door is closed for him in respect to his life. The play brings a situation where even the river is rejecting his attempts to commit suicide. The play come to an end with what it can be said to be Beckmann's death. From the above brief description of the play, some psychological character developed in Beckmann immediately after his return from war in Russia to find everything that he had owned was no more. One of the new mental states of Beckmann after the war is dreams, this come as a result of his attempts to commit suicide in vein. In this dream he finds himself floating in river Elbe. The river turn to be motherly figure instead of washing him a way where this motherly figure discovers that Beckmann is making an attempt to kill him but laushes out, patronizing him from committing suicide. The mother figure calls him in a fainted heart and tells him that she will not give him a chance to kill himself. This dream ends with him washing the sand. This dream reveals to the kind of life that Beckmann has to live that is full of pains and mental problems. This gets him to a point where he even cannot have peaceful nights due to constant dreams that come to him every night after his attempt to comm it suicide failed. In scene one another mental character of Beckmann comes out and that is annoyance. We a person who introduces himself to Bechmann, but instead of him being polite Beckmann says that he is 'yes-sayer' he end up telling the man to leave. This show that the war had negative mental effect on Beckmann where his ability to interact with other people is greatly affect by the loss of his home and wife. Another character that we see in him is that of sadness after the war. This is revealed to us by the girl in scene two who turned by offering some help to Beckmann, the girl gives him dry clothing and helps him to get some warmth. The girl at first explains that the reason behind her help was due to the fact that Bechmann was wet and cold, but later she admit that she helped him because he somehow looked innocent and sad. The reason behind his sadness can be attributed to what happened after his return from the war front n Russia, to his sadness Beckmann come to realty with the hard truth of t he loss of his home and wife which was hard for him to bear. Scene two of the play shows another mental state of Beckmann where he lost the interest of being alive and he attempts to commit suicide for a second time in vein. After the help that he gets from the girl, Bechmann follows her to where she lives and he finds out the girl's husband was also a soldier like him. We see the girl laughing at him due to the gasmask goggles that was wearing, because it did allow him to see the world as blurry and grey. The girl say that her husband come back from war in crutches as a result of a military command given by sergeant Beckmann that why he had lost his leg. This revelation hunts down him to the extent of that he goes back to the river for another attempt to commit suicide. The war had an effect on the mental state of Beckmann where he is not at peace with what happened during the war and even after the war, the solution at his disposal is to try and commit suicide in order to run away from these realities. In scene three we see another state of Beckmann's mental state where he blames the colonel for what happened during the war. He talks to the colonel about the various nightmares that he had to endure each and every day. He describes dreams where man is running sweating blood. Beckmann tells the colonel that all the dead men throughout the history are there and he is among them looking sickly, somehow discolored and this men keep on shouting out his name. This scene reveals the torture that Beckmann is going through due to the men lost under his command during the war period. This mental torture makes Beckmann to go to the extent of blaming the colonel of all the men lost during the war. It can be concluded that he is blaming the colonel as an escape to the fact that those men lost their lives under his command, he is doing this in an attempt to find peace with his soul for what happened during the war. Basing my argument on the above mental character of Beckmann after the war, it can be concluded that he is emotionally unstable due to what come of his life after the war. This state of his mind can be attributed mainly to the fact that he lost all he had including his wife and home. This situation is what brings backs what happened during the war to him due to the loneliness and sadness brought about by these facts of losing everything that he valued in life. All attempts to commit suicide, to keep away from people and putting the blame of the lost men during the war who were under his command is just an attempt to find peace for his soul. The post war effect affects him negatively mentally and socially. On the other hand, our focus now turns to the kinnd of state the world is in after the war as described in the drama, ' The Man Outside'. First people in the world are in pain due to the loss of their loved one during the war. This is shown by the kind of pain that Beckmann has to undergo after the war where he lost his home and wife as a result of the war. The pains are to much to bear for others that they even go to the extent of taking their lifes due to the agony. The state of the world of the war can be described as the place where many are in pain fighting to come with terms with what they lost during the war. Another state of the world after the war as revealed by the drama is loss of property and lives. This is clearly shown by what Beckmann lost during the war. He comes home to find that he had lost all that he valued in life, his wife and home. We see him having nightmares as a result of many soldiers that were lost during the war. This shows that the war had negative effects on the dweller of the earth where they had to lose them loved one and property as a result of war. They people are affected economically and emotionally due to these losses brought about by the war. The war also brought the world in a state where many people handicapped physically and mentally as the result. This is described to us by the physical handicap state of the girl who helped Beckmann. The girl narrate to him that her husband lost a leg during the war. This acts evidence that many people in the world did end up being handicapped physically where some lost their legs, hands, eyes among many other parts of their bodies. This show the world in a state of coming to terms with the pains of the war which resulted to the physical handicaps of some of its members. Finally, the world is in a state of the blame game for what happened during the war. This state of the blame game is seen in the play where Beckmann goes to colonel house and blames him for all the people that died under his command during the war in Russia. The author of the drama main aim in this scene is to bring out the theme of the blame game that always comes as a result of war. This is the case in the world where people are always in the blame game for what happened in the war. Some place their blame on their seniors for the loss of their friend in the war front and loss of property. The conclusion that can be derived from the mental state of Beck and the world after the war was brought on the play; ' The Man Outside ' shows that all the people all over the world should live in peace and harmony. The author discourages the world population not to go to war with each other by showing the costs of the war in his drama. The author shows that the war brings about mental torture, loss of loved one, property and enemity between various people and nations. 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An Export Strategy for a Bridge Joint Manufacture Essay

An Export Strategy for a Bridge Joint Manufacture - Essay Example Ennis Prismo in terms of rendering services in such various categories related to public needs focuses to enhance on the dimension of safety, reliability, accountability and innovation. Ennis Prismo, an ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified company has gained the experience to serve the different service and product categories through the rendering of quality and high standard products. Ennis Prismo operating from its manufacturing plant based in Chorley, United Kingdom focuses on gaining market in different regions pertaining to European and African nations and also to countries relating to Middle East. Thus Ennis Prismo operating both in the traffic and other manufacturing and construction sectors pertaining to roads and bridges has become a highly known brand. Ennis Prismo in addition to marketing its products pertaining to European, African and other Middle East regions is now focusing to gain an effective entry into the American markets for its Bridge Joint products. The paper in thi s regard would tend to focus on the feasibility of the United States market as a growing export region for Bridge Joints manufactured by Ennis Prismo (Ennis Prismo, n.d.). Business and Market Environment Analysis The business and marketing environment for Bridge Joints in United States would be analysed based on two models based on PESTLE Analysis and also based on evaluation of the Industrial Life Cycle for the same in the region. PESTEL Analysis Political Political environment pertaining to the construction of bridges in United States being analysed reflects that the government of the region focuses more on the repairs and development of existing bridge structures rather than focusing on the construction of new bridges. A survey conducted based on the 2009 period states that out of the total expenditure incurred by United States government on infrastructural development only 6.2 percent was dedicated for the construction of new bridges and highways. However of late political empha sis pertaining to bridge construction is found to change with the collaboration of private bodies thereby gradually cultivating a market for the need of Bridge Joints (The American Road & Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA

Country Analysis Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Country Analysis - Outline Example is a landlocked country in north-eastern Africa with most of the people belonging to the different tribes but many of them are not Muslims unlike that of Sudan itself. South Sudan had one of the longest civil wars in Africa starting from 1972 and ending in 2005 with a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Much of the country is dependent on subsistence farming due to the ancient nomadic agriculture. Frankly speaking, the country has very few resources except oil but has plenty of challenges to tackle before it can make any significant progress. (186) Political situation – it is quite ironic how a young country like South Sudan which had just emerged from a long and protracted civil war is now again embroiled in another civil war that is being fought between two former political allies. Its current president Salva Kiir Mayardit has accused his former vice president and other accomplices of trying to stage a coup detat. President Kiir belongs to the Dinka ethnic tribe while his ex-deputy Mr. Riek Machar belongs to the Nuer tribe. The conflict has drawn outside forces from nearby Uganda who are helping government troops fight the rebels lead by Machar and other allied tribes. This new ensuing political instability due to a power struggle along ethnic lines has disrupted the development plans of the young country and has killed at least 10,000 from both sides with 400,000 who fled to neighboring countries while another 1 million people are displaced internally. The current conflict poses a serious risk to South Sudan and if allowed to linger, it can be the source of further political instability that weakens government institutions and possibly make it a failed state like Somalia where there is no central government. Although the people of the country had identified themselves as members of a group distinct from pre-partition Sudan as they are not Muslims but Christians and animists, the new government has so far failed in its mission and vision to implement a new

Life of Moses and Effectiveness in the Ministry Assignment

Life of Moses and Effectiveness in the Ministry - Assignment Example This paper is divided into three parts, according to the key components of the life and work of any minister of God who must be constantly guided throughout life by faith, love, and hope. The first part covers the life of faith and prayer, the central point and the soul of my life, ministry, and apostolate. As a minister, my role is to know God’s will, carry it out, and share it with others. This is why a life of faith and prayer is crucial for my ministry to be performed with rectitude of intention and a spirit of service and humility. The second part considers the active life, best described as the life of love or charity, which highlights my calling to occupy a special place as the mediator between God and his people. A life of love for all needs to be, balanced with the life of prayer, because every minister is called by God to perform a special mission in wor, d, among men and women, amidst good and evil, with the special task to help in the transformation of the world an d to confirm everything and everyone to God’s image and likeness. The third part is on my life of hope, a reflection on the challenges I will face in the world as God’s minister, and how Gregory’s reflections on Moses struck me as inspirational and appropriate. Learning from Moses, the man but at the same time called by God, with weaknesses and defects, is made by Gregory into a deep, human and supernatural experience. The trials of Moses parallel the ordinary trials facing me, and from which I could learn key lessons for life. The conclusion ties up the practical lessons from the Life of Moses into a summary that would guide me in the performance of my ministry. This also functions as a memory aid that could help ensure a fruitful life of prayer, faith, love, and hope not only for me but for anyone who wishes to serve God in any way. Called to a Life of Prayer and Faith Like a light that attracts, such as the call to the ministry; as God in the burning bush dre w Moses in the first of a series of intimate encounters, after which unfolds the panorama of Moses’ divine calling (II, 1-116). Gregory reveals in detail the meaning behind key events in the life of Moses, linking each experience to the significance of that encounter with God in the burning bush (II, 10-12; II, 13-18; II, 39-40).

Dengue in Brazil, Situation, transmission and control Research Paper

Dengue in Brazil, Situation, transmission and control - Research Paper Example The first reported incidences of dengue in Brazil were in 1923 in Sà £o Paulo and Niteroi in which 11000 people were infected. DENV-1 and DENV-4 were the strains reported, both of which came from the Caribbean and South America over the Venezuelan border (Teixeira, 2008). The Ae aegypti virus was new in Brazil hence was quickly eliminated. DENV1 reappeared in 1986 in Nova Iguaà §u and spread rapidly, with 35000 and 60000 reported incidences in 1986 and 19887 respectively (Marzochi, 1994). DENV-2 came about in Rio de Janeiro and Nova Iguaà §u, where 462 cases and eight deaths took place. Aedes aegypti extended the spread of DENV1 and DENV-2 all over Brazil. DENV-3 serotype was responsible for the 2001 outbreak of dengue in Brazil, with 800000 cases reported. In 2008, 700000 infections and 45000 hospitalizations were reported. Since 1990 to 2008, lethality of 7.4% has occurred due to dengue. Children are the most affected by dengue in Brazil as of 2008 (Teixeira & Barreto, 2008). Preventing and controlling the spread of dengue is a nightmare because of lack of a reliable vaccine and the high competence of the dengue viruses. Ae. aegypti especially is adapted to breeding in highly populated areas and is, therefore, hard to eliminate. Wet tropical conditions also aid these mosquitoes to breed. The control of dengue also involves means that are harmful to the environment since the insecticides used are poisonous, and there are insufficient funds to carry this task (Marzochi, 1994). America stressed on controlling the spread of dengue rather than its elimination since the latter was proving impossible. However, dengue has still been a problem because its strains can spread even in places with fewer vectors. Two projects have been carried out to control it spread but both proved futile due to financial and political limitations. To control its spread, Brazilians have been educated about it through corporate events (Dione &

Romantic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Romantic Writing - Essay Example That aside, the city was covered with immense beauty with lovely people. There were echoes of good music across the city and many adored an advance of the majestic King from the royalty. His spender was a mark of beauty that drew the attention of everybody. The whole vicinity of the city was good for one to stay and it was full of comfort with the assurance of security and comfort of a friendly society. Everybody seemed to be calm and composed. There was no reason to cast doubt on anything or even to grow suspicious of any event that was to come. The society was accommodating with everybody minding own businesses. The paradox is evident when the poet makes an observation of a boy who they grew up and ended up in London after fate had forced him out of school because of his physical challenge. The boy upon return to his home was not the same as he had departed from a few years before. The boy who then had grown to a full man depicted an image that left everybody with little respect an d admiration of London. The boy was emaciated with a seemingly poor health. The health of the boy had deteriorated which was a thing that sent a signal that London was not a good place, as it seemed to be at the superficial cover. The presence of the boy revealed another aspect that the poet seemed to misunderstand. In the abode of the poet, things seemed to be normal and his perception was deceived to think that people in the capital city of England were nice. To the lame boy, things were quite different. The environment to him was marred with hostility and nobody seemed to care about anybody. Individualism befitted the description of the town dwellers and everybody minded their own business. Everybody was on their own; and worst of all, even the next door neighbors did not care about each other. Nobody cared about other peoples’ welfare and even the government did not mind of the welfare of the disabled and the destitute. The poor and the lame were left to survive on their own without any assistance lest they be eliminated by the cruel nature that was created by the selfish human beings. In England, people were permanent strangers to each other because unless there is a relationship that seem to benefit another person, then there was never a point of contact between people at all (Jeffrey 1992). People minded their own businesses without caring of another person. The city though had good people by site. They were very attractive with grin smiles all over their faces but this depiction was further blended with opposite thoughts of the time. Nobody was happy with one another and what seemed to be was just a mark of the opposite (Roe 1998). The environment was covered with beauty and the aesthetics of the city of a higher standard. The city was covered with imaginations of beauty and the calmness of ethos and morality. The presence of God seemed to be part of the city and accommodation of diversity seemed to be an accepted and an appreciable fact. Church es and religious depictions were many in the city. The increasing number of churches could send one to an imagination that folks there were following religious values and virtue taught by Christ. This was contrary. People were walking into churches, and hypocritically proclaiming goodness but immediately they step out of the church doors, life was taken as normal and the selfish lifestyle took effect. The poet is

Dengue in Brazil, Situation, transmission and control Research Paper

Dengue in Brazil, Situation, transmission and control - Research Paper Example The first reported incidences of dengue in Brazil were in 1923 in Sà £o Paulo and Niteroi in which 11000 people were infected. DENV-1 and DENV-4 were the strains reported, both of which came from the Caribbean and South America over the Venezuelan border (Teixeira, 2008). The Ae aegypti virus was new in Brazil hence was quickly eliminated. DENV1 reappeared in 1986 in Nova Iguaà §u and spread rapidly, with 35000 and 60000 reported incidences in 1986 and 19887 respectively (Marzochi, 1994). DENV-2 came about in Rio de Janeiro and Nova Iguaà §u, where 462 cases and eight deaths took place. Aedes aegypti extended the spread of DENV1 and DENV-2 all over Brazil. DENV-3 serotype was responsible for the 2001 outbreak of dengue in Brazil, with 800000 cases reported. In 2008, 700000 infections and 45000 hospitalizations were reported. Since 1990 to 2008, lethality of 7.4% has occurred due to dengue. Children are the most affected by dengue in Brazil as of 2008 (Teixeira & Barreto, 2008). Preventing and controlling the spread of dengue is a nightmare because of lack of a reliable vaccine and the high competence of the dengue viruses. Ae. aegypti especially is adapted to breeding in highly populated areas and is, therefore, hard to eliminate. Wet tropical conditions also aid these mosquitoes to breed. The control of dengue also involves means that are harmful to the environment since the insecticides used are poisonous, and there are insufficient funds to carry this task (Marzochi, 1994). America stressed on controlling the spread of dengue rather than its elimination since the latter was proving impossible. However, dengue has still been a problem because its strains can spread even in places with fewer vectors. Two projects have been carried out to control it spread but both proved futile due to financial and political limitations. To control its spread, Brazilians have been educated about it through corporate events (Dione &

Commercial debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commercial debate - Essay Example In such a case, the agent himself will be held to be liable to the third party for a breach of an implied representation of authority. Moreover, a breach of such a kind would exempt the agent from claiming any reimbursements of expenses incurred in the line of duty or his own service associated charges. Where an agent purports to act in a way not expressly stated by the principle, his duties are considered in light of any implied authority awarded by the principle. Hence, an agent who engages in a contract for the supply of goods for the principle will be impliedly allowed to sign documents of payment and title for the principle (Rosenbaum v Belson (1900) 2 Ch 267). However, the concept of implied actual authority is applied cautiously by the courts in interpreting agreements and the act done by the agent must truly be incidental to his tasks. Thus, factors such as the course of dealings which are widely accepted in the line of business between the agent and principle (Nickalls v Mer ry (1875) LR 7 HL 802)), his occupation and profession, and the test of usual authority all apply to the determination of the agent’s scope of authority. However, there are cases where the extent of the authority of the agent is overridden by the third party’s reliance on his representation. The presence of this ostensible authority is what is essentially made available to the third party, as in practice the third party would rarely ever get to see the terms of the actual contract between agent and principle. Thus, given that he relies on the apparent authority of the agent (which includes knowledge of the agency, knowledge of the presence of a principle, and reliance on the representation of the principle (see The Tatra (1990)), the agency will operate by virtue of the Equity principle of estoppel, enabling the principle to be bound to the third party even if the agent acts outside the authority awarded to him by contract so long as the agent acted within the authorit y represented by the principle to the third party. This has the ability to negate the consent of the principle as the agent may very well be acting outside the authority granted to him by express or implied actual authority, and exists solely in favor of the third party (Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd (1964)) who has altered his position in reliance on the representation of the agent. Equity in this case creates an agency by estoppel binding the principle to the contract with the third party. Thus, it follows that to establish apparent authority all which is required is a representation by the principle of appointing the agent as his representative agent and the third party to rely on that representation to his detriment. No further allusion is required by the principle, so much so that the representation may even be made by silence (Spiro v Lintern (1973)), along with the third party knowing or possessing some knowledge of his capacity as agent of the principle. This is one case where the agency is created without strict adherence to the consideration of the actual extent of the aut

Electricity and Magnetism Essay Example for Free

Electricity and Magnetism Essay In this investigation I will be burning a range of alcohol in a method known as calorimetry. This will allow me to see the amount of energy produced by each alcohol, and then look at the structure of the alcohol and investigate why an amount of energy is produced for each alcohol. Before I go on with the experiment there are several factors that must be first understood. What is an alcohol? The definition of an alcohol as taken from Richard Harwoods Chemistry textbook is a series of organic compounds containing the functional group OH. The OH group, called a hydroxyl group is what defines the compound as an alcohol. The alcohol compounds are very similar to the alkanes, however alcohols contain one oxygen atom, creating the hydroxyl group, and making the alkane an alkanol (alcohol). As the hydroxyl group makes the compound different to an alkane, the hydroxyl group is seen to be functional. The formula for alcohol is: In this investigation I will look at the first five alcohols. These are methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol. The classification of alcohols is similar to the classification of alkanes, where the name refers to the number of carbon atoms i. e.meth- one carbon atom, eth-=two carbon atoms, prop-=3 carbon atoms, but-=four carbon atoms, pent-=five carbon atoms and so on. The carbon atom that the hydroxyl group is bonded to may classify the alcohol further. If it is joined to the end carbon atom it is classified as -1-ol, if it is bonded to the second carbon atom it is classified as -2-ol and so on. The five alcohols I am testing are shown with formulas, and atomic structure diagrams below: Name RMM Formula Structure Boiling Point Methanol. What is combustion? The definition of combustion as taken from Richard Harwoods Chemistry textbook is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen the reaction is exothermic. Burning is a combustion reaction that produces a flame. The reactions that will take place in our investigation will be combustion reactions, as we burn the alcohol in calorimetry. The combustion of an alcohol produces carbon dioxide and water. This is represented by the following equation: ALCOHOL + OXYGEN i CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER e. g. The combustion of methanol produces carbon dioxide and water: METHANOL + OXYGEN i CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER 2CH3OH + 3O2 i 2CO2 + 4H2O What is calorimetry? Calorimetry is defined as the science of heat. It may be used in chemistry to measure the heat energy exchanged for a substance during a reaction, by allowing the substance reacting to heat a measured mass of liquid. The temperature change of this liquid is measured and recorded, and the following equation may be used to calculate the heat energy transferred to the liquid: Heat change = MC? T (where M = mass of liquid, C = critical temperature, and T = temperature change). The critical temperature is the proportionality between heat energy applied and the subsequent temperature rise. E. g. for 1g of water a temperature rise of 1 i C requires 4. 8 joules of heat energy. Using calorimetry may be used to measure both reactions in solution, and reactions not in solution. Wet reactions or those in solution are more accurate than those not in solution, as the actual energy release of the reaction is being measured directly as a thermometer is placed in the solution. For dry reactions, (a reaction not in solution such as the burning of an alcohol) the reaction must be used to heat a mass of water and the temperature increase measured from the water. As the combustion reaction must transfer its heat energy from the reaction to the water, calorimetry for dry reactions can be inaccurate due to heat loss. HYPOTHESIS I believe that the increased complexity of a molecule and the energy released by it are proportional. I found this idea upon the theory of breaking and making bonds. In a molecule, bonds hold atoms together. When these bonds are formed energy is given out to the surroundings (exothermic), and when these bonds are broken energy is absorbed from the surroundings (endothermic). This may be seen by the alcohols boiling points: Name Boiling Point Methanol 65 Ethanol 78 Propan-1-ol 97 Butan-1-ol 117 Pentan-1-ol 137 Using this theory of breaking/making bonds, we can say that there will be a greater amount of energy released from the combustion of a more complex alcohol, as more bonds will be formed. When more bonds are formed, more heat energy is released. The hypothesis may be seen on the flowing graph: TESTING To investigate the relationship between the structure and heat provided by combustion of a range of alcohols, we will use the method of calorimetry. We will do this by burning an alcohol, and allowing it to heat a mass of water. Measuring the temperature rise of this mass of water we can use the formula to find the heat energy released during the reaction. Apparatus == 1 can == 1 measuring cylinder == Water == 1 thermometer == 1 stand == 1 clamp == 1 boss == 1 heat mat == 1 alcohol burner/candle == 1 balance == Draught shields Fig1: Experiment setup. Method. Safety must be ensured at all times, as highly flammable substances are being burned here. All students must wear eye protection during the experiment, stay standing during the experiment, and be aware of the flames around them. 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in fig 1. 2. The alcohol candle is weighed on the balance, and the mass recorded. 3. The mass of water in the can measured and recorded 4. The height between the candlewick, and the base of the can must be set and recorded, measuring the distance with a ruler. 5. The temperature of the water is measured and recorded using the thermometer. 6. The candle is lit and the thermometer monitored until the water has risen by a given temperature. 7. The candle is blown out, the burnt wax on the base removed of the candle, and the candle is weighed. The data produced by this method will then be calculated by the formulas: ? H (j) = mass of water (g) X specific heat capacity of water (S. H. C) X temperature rise (? C) The result of this is found per gram of alcohol burnt by dividing it by the change of mass ? H per gram of alcohol burnt (J/g) = ? H (? C) / change in mass (g) The results of this are the found per mole of alcohol burnt. ? H per gram of alcohol burnt per mole (J/mole) = ? H per gram of alcohol burnt (g) X RMM of alcohol Variables There are two types of variables: dependant variables and independent variables. Dependant variables are those that are kept constant at a set value, so that they cannot cause variation in the results, by changing throughout the experiments. There should only be one independent variable in a test, this is what is being tested. Therefore the dependent variables for this investigation are as follows (see fig 2): 1. The distance of the wick from the base of the can The distance of the flame from the base of the can may vary the results greatly, as it will decide how much of the flames heat is transferred directly to the can and to the water. The experiment should allow the flame to contact the can at its hottest point. The most accurate and safe way to measure flame distance from the can is to measure the distance of the wick. For the purposes of our experiment this should be accurate enough. Measuring the distance from the wick and the base of the can each time will control this variable. 2. The mass of water heated. The volume of water can vary the experiment greatly, as the greater the mass of water used, the more alcohol will be combusted to reach the target temperature. Also when a greater mass of water is used, the test will go on for longer, and thus a greater amount of energy will be transferred to the surroundings as wasted energy. Measuring the amount of water used each time will control this variable. 3. The type of can used. The type metal the can is made from is extremely important to the experiment, as different metals conduct heat with different efficiency and at different rates. Therefore the type of can used will affect the heat transfer to the water. Using the same can each time will control this variable. 4. The heat increase The heat increase can vary the experiment, as the greater the energy increase, the greater the mass of alcohol burnt, and the greater amount of energy transferred to the surroundings as waste. The start temperature may affect the results, as the higher the temperature the equipment reaches, the more heat will be wasted in the surroundings, according to the theory that heat energy moves from areas of high heat energy to areas of low energy. By allowing the equipment to cool after each experiment to a set temperature this variable may be controlled. 5. Stirring of the water Stirring the water will affect the results, as it means that the whole mass accounted for in the calculation will be being heated, not just one volume of water. The type of stirring in terms of frequency and power may affect the results also, and must be kept constant. To control this variable, the same type of stirring will be used each time. The only variable in the experiment will be the changing type of alcohol being combusted, as this is what is being investigated.

Extraocular Structures Inside the Orbit of the Eye

Extraocular Structures Inside the Orbit of the Eye INTRODUCTION The Retrobulbar block injection is commonly practised around the world(2).In the beginning, regional anaesthesia of the eye consisted of retrobulbar anaesthesia (RBA), with the surgeon performing the block(6). This anaesthesia can be administered with an intraconal block(1). It consists of an equal mixture of lidocaine (2%-4%) and bupivacaine (0.75%) with up to 15 units of hyaluronidase (1). A sharp needle with 27 gauge 31mm is inserted in the interolateral border of the orbit(3). The needle passes through all the rectus and oblique muscles of the eye(2). The rectus muscles include superior rectus muscle, interior rectus muscle, lateral rectus muscle and medial rectus muscle(2). The two oblique muscles are interior and superior oblique muscles(2). The optic nerve and arteries should be avoided(2). This essay explains the extraocular structures inside the orbit of the eye. Anatomy Orbital openings The lateral wall of the orbit consists of superior orbital fissure and the floor of the orbit involves the inferior orbital fissure (2). The superior orbital fissure brings the frontal, lacrimal, oculomotor, trochlear, nasociliary, abducent nerves and superior ophthalmic vein(7). The superior orbital fissure is divided by annulus of zinn(7). The area inside the annulus is called oculomotor foramen(7). The inferior orbital fissure comprises the foramen rotundum which transmits the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve(7). This nerve passes from middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa(7). The Globe Human eye vary in size(4). The eyeball is located in the anterior part of orbital cavity, which is closer to the roof than the floor, also nearer the lateral than the medial wall(7). The average anteroposterior diameter of the globe is 24.15mm(4). Normally it ranges from 21.7mm to 28.75mm(4). When the anteroposterior diameter of the eye is longer that is, the axial length of the myopic eye is more(2,4). So the risk of globe perforation increases particularly with a retrobulbar block(4). Staphyloma may occur when the eyes is highly myopic(7). Thinning of the sclera and posterior globe enlargement can occur(7).A bulge in This average globe diameter occupy approximately 7ml of the orbit where as the total structures are packed in 30ml space, so the remaining space is filled with fat, nerves, extraocular muscles, lacrimal gland, vascular structures and connective tissue(5). The needle is inserted in the fat filled areas inside the orbit(5). Needle trauma can occur with eyes with posterio r staphyloma(7). The cavity of the orbit has a posterior apex with a pyramid shape(6). The orbit is made up of mainly adipose tissue(6). Anteriorly, the 4 rectus muscles of the eye insert near the equator of the globe(6). Posteriorly, these four rectus muscles insert together at the apex on the tendinous annulus communis of Zinn, through which the optic nerve enters the orbit(6).The four rectus muscles define the retrobulbar cone of the orbit, that is not closed by any intermuscular membrane(6). Sensory innervation is supplied by the ophthalmic nerve first branch of the fifth nerve that is trigeminal nerve, which passes through the retrobulbar cone(6). The ophthalmic nerve and oculomotor nerve passes through the retrobulbar cone(6). Injection of local anaesthesia solution inside the retrobulbar cone will provide anesthesia(6). It also provides akinesia of the globe and the extraocular muscles(6). E The superior branch of the facial nerve gives motor supply to the orbicularis muscle of the eyelids whi ch has an extraorbital course(6). Many major structures are situated in the retrobulbar cone which gives rise to major risk factors in needle and injection injury(6). Many complications may occur when needle is inserted into the retrobulbar (intraconal) space, so doctors prefer to inject in the extraconal space(8). The rectus muscles are in close contact with the orbital bone so the extraconal space is only a minute space compared with the retrobulbar space(6). The retrobulbar space is located inside the extraocular muscle cone which is behind the globe(4). Comparatively avascular areas of the orbit are restricted to the anterior orbit in the inferotemporal (lower outer) and superotemporal (upper outer) quadrants(4). The superonasal quadrant is rich in blood supply and has limited space(4). Extraocular muscles The extraocular muscles of the eye includes four rectus and two oblique muscles which allow elevation, depression, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation(7). The origin of the superior rectus muscle rises from the annulus of Zinn(7). It then passes forwards and laterally to be inserted into sclera which is about 7.7mm behind the corneoscleral junction(7). The superior rectus muscle is supplied by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve(7). This nerve crosses through the inferior surface of this muscle (intraconal)(7). The orgin of the inferior rectus muscle arises from the annulus of Zinn below the optic foramen(7). It then passes forwards and laterally to be inserted into the sclera which is about 6.5mm from the corneoscleral junction(7). It is supplied by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve(7). The orgin of the lateral rectus muscle runs from the lateral part of tendinous ring(7). There is also a smaller head arising from sphenoid a little laterally(7) . The lateral rectus muscle is inserted into the sclera about 6.9mm from the corneosceral junction(7). It is supplied by the abducent nerve on its intraconal aspect(7). The orgin of the medial rectus muscle is from the medial aspect of the annulus of Zinn. This muscle passes along the medial orbital wall. It is inserted into the sclera about 5.5mm from the limbus. It is supplied by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve on its intraconal aspect. The superior oblique muscle is the longest and the most slender muscle compared to the other eye muscles. It orginates from the body of the sphenoid bone superomedial to the optic canal. It passes forward and its long tendon passes through the trochlea which is attached to the trochlear fossa of the frontal bone. The tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes downwards, backwards and laterally. It then passes inferior to the superior rectus muscle. It is inserted posterior to the equator of the eyeball. It is supplied by the trochle ar nerve on its extraconal aspect. The origin of the inferior oblique muscle is very unique. It orginates from the floor posterior to the orbital margin. It is just lateral to the nasolacrimal duct. It passes laterally, posteriorly and superiorly. It passes inferiorly to inferior rectus muscle. It is inserted into the sclera at the posterolateral aspect of the eyeball. This muscle is supplied by inferior division of the oculomotor nerve. When you inject a local anaesthetic solution into the lateral adipose compartment from inferotemporal needle insertion. It normally blocks the nasociliary, lacrimal, frontal, supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and the infraorbital branch of the maxillary division. But when u inject into the medial compartment through a needle placed between the caruncle and the medial canthal angle, it blocks the medial branches of the nasociliary nerve, the long ciliary nerves, the infratrochlear nerve and the medial components of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. If an extra supplementary injection is required superiorly, it is important to be careful that the superomedial approach almost inevitably brings the needle into contact with a path filled and packed with nerves, blood vessels and muscles. BLOOD SUPPLY The main artery which supplies the globe and all the orbital contents is the ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery. It passes into the orbit through the optic canal inferolateral to the optic nerve and within the meningeal sheath of that nerve. The artery tend to pierce the sheath to lie outside it as soon as it enters the orbit. The course of the ophthalmic artery takes an early intraorbital course superior to the optic nerve and inferior to the superior rectus muscle. It then courses towards the medial wall of the orbit from where it runs anteriorly above the medial rectus muscle. So very careful measures are to be taken when injecting needles in elderly and hypertensive patients, it can be tortuous and vulnerable to needle trauma when it bleeds profusely. Venous drainage is through the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins. The superior vein starts deep to the medial part of the upper eyelid from the confluence of the supraorbital and facial veins. It passes posteriorly within the orbit. It receives branches corresponding to those of the ophthalmic artery. The superior ophthalmic vein leaves the orbit through the superior orbital fissure within the annulus fibrosus. The inferior ophthalmic vein arises from a venous plexus on the anterior part of the floor orbit. It passes posteriorly on the inferior rectus muscle passing through the inferior part of the superior orbital fissure draining into the cavernous sinus. EYELIDS, LEVATOR PALPEBRA SUPERIORIS AND ORBICULARIS MUSCLES The function of the eyelids is to protect the eye from injury and excess light. It also distributes tear fluid over the anterior surface of the eyeball.

Paul s Unhealthy Desire in Pauls Case Essay -- Pauls Case Essays

Paul 's Unhealthy Desire in Paul's Case In her short story "Paul's Case," Willa Cather tells the tale of a young boy's struggle to separate himself from his common, everyday life and the people he shared it with. Paul admired the opulence of the theater, the wardrobe, the perfumes, the lights, the colors, the flowers, and the champagne. When he realized it wasn't possible to have these things, he threw his life away. Cather's purpose was to show that, by focusing on what he didn't have, Paul could not live at all. Many clues were given that Paul dreamed of leaving town. For instance, he was exhilarated by the Venetian scenes and streets of Paris depicted in the picture gallery. He loved to listen to his father speak of "palaces in Venice, yachts on the Mediterranean, and high play at Monte Carlo" (202). Also, when no one paid attention to his stories, Paul announced to his classmates that he would be leaving to travel for a while. These acts foreshadow Paul's fleeing to New York. The fact that he actually stole money to take this trip shows how intensely desperate he was to leave. By constantly fantasizing about being somewhere he wasn't, Paul could not possibly live where he was. Throughout the story, flowers are used to symbolize Paul's situation. The red carnation he wears to the meeting with his teachers is viewed by them as "flippant" and "scandalous" (195-196). This also suggests his attitude towards the gathering. Paul was very nonchalant about the entire thing. His clothes may have been a bit small and tattered, but by wearing that flower, Paul had no trouble holding his head up. He had always acted as if he were on a higher level than his teachers, and he felt it necessary to humiliate them and give them no s... ... of Adriatic water and the yellow of Algerian sands" (213). These are both natural images, both beautiful, and neither contain artificial elements. This is significant in that Paul spent his life focusing on the beauty of artificiality, but when I feel this sense of regret in Paul, this epiphany, it is too late. Paul stated a few times throughout the story that being in the atmosphere of luxury was "the only thing that could be called living at all" (198). He speaks of these times as "orgies of living," so I would imagine when he realized he could not afford that life, he felt that he could not live at all (200). Paul 's unhealthy desire for a life of luxury drove him to believe that his ordinary life was not worthy of existence. Work Cited Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Literature: A Pocket Anthology. Ed. R.S. Gwynn. New York: Addison-Wesley, 2002. 194-213.

The Global Pharmaceutical Market Forecast Essays -- International Phar

MARKET OVERVIEW The global pharmaceutical market is a multibillion-dollar industry. The 10 largest drug companies control over one-third of the market, several with sales of more than $10B a year and profit margins of 30%. Six of these companies are based in the U.S. and four are in Europe. It is predicted that North and South America, Europe, and Japan will continue to dominate by accounting for 85% of the world’s pharmaceutical market. Companies currently spend one-third of all sales revenue on marketing, which is roughly twice of what they spent on R&D (â€Å"Pharmaceutical Industry†). The cost of innovation proves to be very high as the drug business is very risky; 1 out of 10,000 discovered compounds are approved for sale. Since 2001, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research averaged 22.9 approvals per year. Only 3 out of 20 approved drugs bring in adequate revenue to cover the R&D costs and only 1 out of 3 approved drug generate enough revenue to cover previous failures. Accor ding to a study by Bain & Company, the cost of discovering, developing, and launching a new drug rose to approximately $1.7 billion in 2003, taking into account opportunity costs, marketing, and other business expenses (â€Å"Pharma Markets†). SUPPLY The major factor affecting supply is the advancement of technology. The development of simulation and data analysis tools condenses the drug’s process time from development to full-scale production. Process tomography and high frequency camera systems help hasten products from clinical trial stage to commercial availability. Integrated sensors are being used to monitor the performance and quality parameters of drug manufacturing processes on a real-time basis in order to ensure the quality of the medicine ... ...http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story073/en/index.html>. Prest, Richard. "Real Demand Forecasting." Pharmaceutical Industry. PharmaManufacturing.com, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. . Schacht, Wendy H., and John R. Thomas. Patent Law and Its Application to the Pharmaceutical Industry. Rep. no. RL30756. The Library of Congress, 10 Jan. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. . Silverman, Ed. "Global Drug Spending Is Forecast To Rebound." Pharmalot. PharmaLive.com, 12 July 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. . Vogel, Ronald J. "The Demand for Pharmaceuticals." Pharmaceutical Economics and Public Policy. New York: Pharmaceutical Products, 2007. 90-108. Print.

Developmental Stages Matrix Essay

Some physical changes is that the head changes and grows slowy to 90% when we reach the age of 5. Children are less like to have injury to the brain due to the plasticity of the brain at the young age. The maturing brain also increases its speed of processing. Between the ages of 8 and 12, the children get much faster at performing a mental task, such as adding two numbers together The first stage is the Sensorimotor Stage, which starts at birth and extends until the infant is about 2 years of age. During this stage infants gain knowledge through actions that allow them to directly experience and manipulate objects around them. They also gain practical knowledge about the effects of their actions, such as grasping or pushing objects. Also object permanence which occurs at the end of the stage, where the infant realizes that just because they can’t see an object it does not mean that it does not exist. The baby is a at a natural biological stage of being with the mother. There is a baby mother bond that goes on. It was said that even fathers who spend more than three hours with the baby caregiving can loose testosterone levels. It takes a while for the baby to just go to any stranger. Early Childhood Childrens muscles start to get stronger to where they can roll over, sit up straight, and hold their necks up. They get strong enough to walk around holding objects and crawl around the house. They grow more teeth and gain the ability to talk more and more. The second stage is called the â€Å"Preoperational Stage† and appears between birth and two years old. In this stage children are just beginning to develop their thinking skills and can  use words, symbols and images to represent the world. During this stage, young children’s play becomes increasingly imaginary and filled with fantasies. As children develop cognitively, their play will move from simple make-believe to plots involving more characters and scenarios, games with sophisticated rules, etc. According to Piaget, playing isn’t just fun; it is an important part of brain development. Children grow and start saying that everything is mines. They go through a selfish mode and can have difficulty sharing. They have temper tantrums but simultaneously they want love. These little tempers are very short though and and go from anger to love very quickly. Some would call this a mood swing. Middle Childhood Children start growing from the ages 6 to 12 and reach puberty. Children start to get sexual maturation, the hormones in the body make biological changes. Boys get testosterone and girls breast change and start to form. The voices change and there is also change in size of the body. They gain moral reasoning of right and wrong. Cognitive abilities such as concentration and memory improve significantly during the middle childhood years. Kids this age have much better attention spans than they did in early childhood and they are better able to remember information for longer spans of time. Their ability to pay attention for longer periods is improved and their selective attention is also much better. Children start spending more time out in the world with their peers. They are spending less time with their parents and trying to identify themselves. They start dealing with peers of the opposite sex and experiencing life. They also go through some sort of peer pressure which can be posit ive or negative.

A Warm Hug: an Ode to Mom’s Home Cooking Essay

There are certain things in life that everybody loves. Whether its money, nice cars, a beautiful home, or a significant other. There is one thing that seems to trump these all and never gets mentioned much. That true love is mom’s home cooking. Before you write off my assumption as bland and ridiculous, consider this. Besides the presents, and the family time, what is most people’s favorite thing about Christmas? If you say mom’s home cooking, well you are right. When you went off to college or just moved out on your own, what was your favorite aspect of coming home? I’ll bet the farm that it was mom’s home cooking. Finally when you were a kid and you had a bad test, or someone picked on you that day, what always seemed to make things better and put a smile on your face? Was it video games? Nope, it was mom’s home cooking. To me it is the meaning of everything that is good in life. My mom is such a great cook. Anything you could think of, she’d make it. I know I’m biased and all since she’s my mom, but I’m not going to be offended if you said your mom was the best cook you know either. This is why we all love mom’s home cooking, because we all believe that our mom’s home cooking is the best. It’s that belief and notion that makes it so special. When it comes to cooking, my mom is of a special breed. You have to be when you cook for a family of seven and not have one complaint. One thing that makes her stand is the fact that she has an upright freezer and a deep freeze in the garage devoted just for pies. I loved coming home on weekends with the whole house smelling of bread, apples, cinnamon, and sugar. When mom made pies it was like a family holiday. Everybody would gather in the kitchen and wait for that first pie to come out of the oven. We’d all fight for that first warm, savory, sweet slice of heaven. Christmas time is always a special time. Family, presents, and of course Christmas cookies. Christmas cookies are another one of my mother’s specialties. She makes cookies from all walks of life. Each one is as good as the other. Nothing puts a smile on my face like a warm, fresh, cookie made by mom. When company would come over, she would set out so many different cookies, you’d think you were at a buffet. Tradition says that when you catch a cold you should get plenty of rest and of course eat some chicken noodle soup. Lots of people will just settle for the canned condensed kind. Not this ill patient. I get to enjoy mom’s home cooked chicken noodle soup. Just the thought of savory broth, soft noodles, and big chunks of chicken made me feel better almost immediately. Toucan Sam would have no trouble following his nose to this treasure from mom. The soup tastes so good, you would think it could cure cancer let alone the common cold. Mom’s home cooking even teaches life long lessons. It teaches you to share. My friends even appreciate mom’s home cooking. I’ve had many friends over for a bite. They love it so much that there have been many times my friends will come, regardless if I’m there or not. They just want to eat whatever it is that mom will cook. A couple of my friends have even had my mom cook and bake for them on their wedding days. Mom’s home cooking can be fancy. It also can be complicated. But when she perfects the simple dishes is when my heart and my mouth together jump for joy. The dish that makes me jump the most is none other than potato salad. This dish to me is my kryptonite. It brings me to my knees. I could eat my weight in potato salad. The tangy sweet flavor could make a grown man act like a kid again. Mom’s potato salad one time even earned her a marriage proposal. A man I used to work with told my mom that if anything every happened, to give him a call and they could work things out. It was all said after he tried her potato salad. People from all around love many different things. The one thing people want the most is to be comfortable. They try to find comfort in many ways. Whether it is a warm hug or a nice soft bed. But no comfort can be complete without some of mom’s home cooking.

Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sustainable Development - Essay Example From a historical perspective, the decisions made by our forefathers with regards to rapid industrialization and development without considering the resulting impact on the environment continue to have a severe impact on numerous ecosystems even today (Stefanovic, 2006). Similarly, the economic decisions and policies our governments make today will have an impact on the world’s sustainability and growth in the future. The above points clearly suggest that sustainable development depends on the cooperation between various societal, economical, governmental, environmental and cultural aspects. As such, sustainability should not be perceived as a homogeneous concept. In fact, planning and achieving sustainability in any tangible manner is a complex process that is based on some broad principles. The introduction of the Brundtland report and its extensive coverage of sustainability have had an influential role in shaping future laws on environmental conservation and protection in many countries and international agreements (Wallace, 2005). Sustainable development and policy continues to face numerous challenges from various corners. Amongst these, the existence of poverty within a large part of the world’s population poses a serious challenge. The planet is estimated to reach a total population of 7 billion people in 2011, which implies a greater competition and struggle for growth and control of the earth’s limited resources (Cowie, 2007). People belonging to developing and poor nations are facing prolonged shortages of food, water and access to basic civic amenities. The past few decades have witnessed the emergence of new countries experiencing tremendous economic growth. Rapid development in countries like China and India has increased the demand for oil and other non-renewable fuels and is likely to increase the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Fragile places like Antarctica are likely to bear the most serious consequences if these trends are not controlled through sustainable means (Ekins, 2005). Another issue impeding sustainable development is the lack of economic growth in some countries, especially those in Africa. Many countries like Zimbabwe have faced years of economic depression due to oppressive regimes and lack of proper government. Several multilateral agreements have emerged out of the guidelines recommended by the Brundtland report. One among these is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Known as UNFCCC in short, this is an environmental agreement signed by various countries at the UN Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (Wallace, 2005). The primary goal of this agreement is to restrict the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and stabilize their concentrations at an acceptable level that can prevent any serious interference with climatic patterns. However, this treaty suffers from several deficiencies, most notably its non-binding attribute which does not provide any mandatory limits that signatories have to maintain. Further, there are no enforcement

Surrealism - beyond reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Surrealism - beyond reality - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism - beyond reality" focuses on the surrealism movement. The content of pictures created by surrealists is also different. Being the most famous surrealist, Salvador Dali, created a perfect, even unbelievable photographic images of hidden feelings and desires of humans. Max Ernst is no less outstanding. He can be called a surrealist by nature as, being still a little child, he had a very special imagination that actually produced his future pictures. The pictures of artist’s imagination were very bright and, notwithstanding that many people preferred to hide such products of normally presented imagination, the artist considered it to be natural to give them a form of socially criticized piece of art. He drew forests, the favorite places of many people, but Ernst represented them specially, for him they represented a place of his hidden fears. Born in Paris, surrealism suddenly moved to Mexico and the USA. With such spread it influenced female painters greatl y. Women have very active imaginations by nature and at the same time their paintings were so dramatic. Surrealism as an art stated in the USA with Rosa Rolanda and Lee Miller. They are famous for using new techniques in photography. In contrast to male surrealists, female artists made an accent on the self-representation creating autobiographical pieces of art. Tere Arcq, the art critic said: â€Å"This genre became a form of representation ‘in which the artist is both subject and object and conceives of how she looks in the sense of how she sees.

Anarexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Anarexia - Essay Example Pediatrics, 99:505-512 Kohn MR, Golden NH, Shenker IR (1998). Cardiac arrest and delirium: presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal Adolescence Health, 22: 239-43. Von Ranson, K., Iacono W, McGue M. (2002). Disordered eating and substance abuse in an epidemiological sample: 1. Associations within individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 389-403 .. Cardiac arrest and delirium: presentations of the refeeding syndrome in severely malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Journal Adolescence Health, 22: 239-43. McIntosh V.V, Bulik C.M, McKenzie J.M, Luty S.E, Jordan J. (2000). Interpersonal psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(2): 125-39. Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of electronic medial on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. Misra, Madhusmita et al (2004). Effects of Anorexia Nervosa on Clinical, Hematologic, Biochemical, and Bone Density Parameters in Community-Dwelling Adolescent Girls" Pediatrics, 114, 1574-1583 Paris, J. (1999). Nature and Nurture in Psychiatry. Oxford Press Steiner H, Kwan W, Shaffer TG, et al. (2003). Risk and protective factors for juvenile eating disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, Suppl. 1, 38-46. Treasure, J., and Ulrike Schmidt (2005). Anorexia Nervosa. Clinical Evidences, 14; 1-13 Veale, D. (2001). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7: 125-132 Von Ranson, K., Iacono W, McGue M. (2002). Disordered eating and substance abuse in an epidemiological sample: 1. Associations within individuals. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 389-403 Walsh, T.D., and Michael J. Devlin (2000). Psychopharmacology of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating. Science, 29: 1387-1390 Weinshenker, N. (2002). Adolescents and Body Image: What's Typical and What's Not. Child Study Center Letter, Vol. 6, No. 24 Wolfe BE, and L.B. Gimby (2003). Caring for the hospitalized patient with an eating disorder. Nursing Clinics of Northern America, 38: 75-99. Yager, J, and Arnold E. Andersen, M.D.

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 55

Journal - Assignment Example I also dream of the future with no environmental pollution. I am aware of the dangers caused by environmental pollution, which encourage me to work hard unceasingly towards the achievement of that future. I believe that change begins with me. Therefore, I employ numerous management principles by ensuring that I conserve the available resources to preserve for future generations. This includes using energy, water, and land only to the capacity that can sustain me. I try as to use any alternative that is pollution-free or less-polluting. I have learned that through management of the natural environment, I have become a responsible individual all my life. I also believe in group work in management. This has led me to influence many other people in environmental issues. I lead by example to ensure that the current generation and the generation behind me adopt the same style of leadership. A good manager is also required to sharpen skills and competencies continually (Plunkett 12). I have done this by participating in seminars and other training sessions touching on the environment as well as reading articles on environmental

Jesus Christ as viewed by the Muslims, Christians and the Jews Essay

Jesus Christ as viewed by the Muslims, Christians and the Jews - Essay Example Christianity, Islam and Judaism are three types of religions in which Jesus plays a different role as perceived by the believers. All the three religions know Jesus very well but they have a very different way of referring to Him. Likewise, the role that Jesus portrays in each of the religion is very much different, although all such roles are important. Let us view the theme how each religion views Jesus Christ according to their religious beliefs. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three types of religions in which Jesus plays a different role as perceived by the believers. All the three religions know Jesus very well but they have a very different way of referring to Him. Likewise, the role that Jesus portrays in each of the religion is very much different, although all such roles are important. Let us view the theme how each religion views Jesus Christ according to their religious beliefs.

Will come into handsome property Essay Example for Free

Will come into handsome property Essay Pip is very un-happy with his life, Pip loves Estella however Estella is just enticing him. Pip has been affected by Estella, Estella has made Pip feel he is common and so he decides to acquire an education. Pip turns to Biddy for support as she is well educated and he admires her with great respect. Pip has always wanted to work in a blacksmiths however he reconsiders this and thinks about the lifestyle. Our sympathy for Pip grows as we realise how un-happy he is in his place in life. Pips education is limited. He attends an evening school in the village run by Mr Wopsles Great Aunt. Usually Pip has to teach himself how to read, write and do simple sums as the teacher sleeps through the lesson. Learning to read and write does not come easily to Pip; he does not receive any help at home either. We feel sympathy for Pip as he wants to learn, however he cannot as he does not get the teaching and help he needs. Dickens does this to show how Pips home life is bad; although Joe would want to help Pip he cannot because he is not very well educated either. A lawyer from London, named Jaggers, tells Pip that the boy has great expectations and will come into handsome property. Jagger says that Pip must come to London and start his education with Mr.Pocket immediately. Pip is impatient to leave for London and begin his new life. Pip is already starting to act in a superior way; Dickens makes the readers feel distanced from Pip, due to the way he is acting. Pip says goodbye to Joe and Biddy and takes the coach to London, only then does Pip realise he might have behaved ungratefully to Joe. Pip arrives in London and is disappointed by the ugliness of it. Pip believed he was going to a paradise but is now seeing the complete opposite. Pip gets taken to Jaggers office and Jaggers tells him that he is going to stay in Barnards Inn and then going to Mr.Pockets father to see if it suits him there. Jaggers tells Pip about his allowance and then tells Wemmick to take Pip to Barnards Inn. Dickens creates sympathy towards Pip as Pip is being treated like a parcel. Jaggers spends no time on Pip and is being pragmatic towards Pip. Pips behaviour in London makes the readers feel distanced form the main character. Pip acts snobbishly and starts to show off about his Great Expectations. Pips education proceeds well but we are seeing the beginnings of Pips extravagance with money, Pip soon gets into debt as he is not used to the lifestyle. Jaggers invites Pip to dine with him and tells him to bring Herbert, Drummle and Startop. Bentley Drummle is a fellow student at Matthew Pockets. He shows himself to be bad tempered, condescending and unsociable. Drummle is a rival for Pip and there rivalry is for Estellas affection. At the party Drummle begins to boast and behave in an unpleasant manner. Jaggers soon realises that Drummle is trouble and nicknames him spider. Charles Dickens uses the adjectives idle proud niggardly and suspicious to describe Drummle. The author uses negative vocabulary to manipulate the reader about Drummle. We get the impression that all Drummle wants is attention and that also Dickens has created the character to be disliked. After the party Pip goes and says his apologies to Jaggers, this shows that Pip is transforming into a Gentleman. Pip receives a letter from Biddy, to say that Joe is coming to London. Pip doesnt want Joe to visit and says Not with pleasure. Pip has become ashamed of his background and so doesnt want Joe to visit. Joes visit is embarrassing and awkward as the blacksmith feels out of place. Joe upsets Pip by calling him Sir. Joe feels awkward like he did in Miss Havishams house, he fiddles with his hat and looks around the room and clearly displays his nerves, which creates a tense atmosphere. Dickens uses Joes visit to make the readers feel distanced from the main character as Pip has become a snob and has begun to deceive himself. Joe refuses Pips invitation to dinner and suggests that Pip would see him in a better light if he visited the forge. Dickens creates sympathy towards Pip however we still feel slightly distanced from the protagonist of the novel. Pip feels upset by Joes sudden departure but also feels ashamed of Joe and his background.

Marks and spencers as an international retailer

Marks and spencers as an international retailer Marks and Spencer, known as M S, is one of the biggest retailers in the world. It has around 150 stores in 30 countries, including 130 franchises operating across the globe. Though it is very popular for its clothing chains in the United Kingdom, M S is also known for its multi-million pound food industry. M S also sell home furnishings, footwear and gifts other than clothing and food. In the United Kingdom alone it has 450 stores and under the trademark St. Michael, it has a chain of 294 stores. Almost all the companys overseas branches are locally franchised. M S owns the United States of Americas Brooks Brothers and King Super Markets. To meet the demands of the customers the company gets facilitated by Direct Mail. The companys core objectives of meeting the customer expectation and giving consumers easier and better access to a wide list of products. The financial services for the customers are provided by the groups financial services which comprise of the unit trust manage ment, life insurances etc. M S in recent years suffered a succession of adversities, both at home and abroad. The sales of the company have dropped. The market capitalization and stock prices reduced substantially and the overseas profits have tremendously declined. As a result the company was forced to form a marketing department in January 1999 and become more proactive and market driven. M S followed a very simple marketing philosophy for a very long time. That is to produce high quality products under a recognised brand and advertise through the word-of-mouth. But in the recent past, this advertising strategy has come under criticism as the company started losing its competitive touch. The challenge now is to develop a good marketing strategy and emerge from the slump to reposition M S as a fierce global competitor in the international arena. Internationalization Strategy of M S The internationalization of the M S began in the early 1940s. It is because the company started to feel that the domestic market has been saturated and the expansion has to come from abroad. Unlike most of the firms, M S began to export its products on the brand name St. Michael as a way to test the waters. It has been successful and the company was exporting about $1,146,000 worth of products by 1955. Externally, the members of a local labour party were suggesting nationalizing the leading domestic retailers. Sooner as a tool of diversification, some international franchising relationships were formed. This franchising allowed the company to achieve global presence with minimum political and economic risks. As the relations of the company grew with other global countries, MS choose to invest directly (FDI). MS uses various types of foreign entry around the world. But mostly the company believes in opening its own stores in major economies. It has its own stores in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Spain and Netherlands; and franchises in Cyprus, Israel, Bermuda, etc. when forming international alliances; it often prefers an experienced retailer in that particular country. Its first joint venture was established in Spain as it felt the cultural distance and market power of its co company will help to mitigate the political climate and behaviour of the company. Its international strategies in Spain yielded successful results which helped it to gain popularity in the global markets. Through franchising, its approach was mostly top-down. That is it has a centralised management which could not be better off in various marketing situations. Hence it was forced to change its internationalization strategies through foreign direct investment. Due to this there is a forced change in its technolog y, cultural behaviouring and regional promoting aspects. MS started to open stores in America, Far East and Europe. In different parts it has slightly different operational strategies depending upon the host countries values. In America it used acquisitions with Brook Brothers (clothing company), in Europe it has its direct stores running and in Far East, some stores were run with franchise and others through direct investment. Following a wide range of strategy reviews of its business, board of MS announced in 2001 significant changes to its strategies. The important decisions in its strategy are: Expansion in growth of profitable products. Acceleration of store renewal program Being close to the customer More intensive use of space Release value from half the property portfolio Cost cutting. MS has a wide range of returns on food products and has earned customer trust. So it decided to invest its major investment in food, home and beauty products. Its other plan was to accelerate the renewal of store renewal. Under this, it planned to refurbish more stores faster at the lower cost. It also reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximise returns per sqft. Apart from these strategic changes, it uses direct investment in global sectors which gained them a competitive advantage. Factors affecting MS strategy There are various factors which has a certain impact on the MS internationalization strategy. Of them, technology has been one of the factor in which the company was forced to change its strategy in various countries. But broadly speaking, in this fast developing technological world, technology used by Ms is been available where ever it opened its stores. A small adjustment to the technical functioning of a store is enough for the company to have its strategy working. The most important factor that has its resemblance in the formulation of internationalization strategy is geography and distance. As the marketing strategy of MS is universal, however it does not mean that it uses similar strategies in all parts of the world. There is a large effect of globalisation to the formulation of internationalization strategies. Consumers from various countries are different due to varying culture, economic development, and income level and so on. So in certain cases MS does not use its centralised operating strategies instead it combines with some other company through mergers but has its own standards running. This initial phenomenon of outsourcing and then after some recognition opening its own store had a significant upward success in MS organization. As marks and spencer is generally known for its clothing and food products, the locality of the company is very important. As MS runs its stores in different countries, transportation of the products has to be done in a prà ©cised manner such that there is no shortage. So in order to overcome this transportation and time differences, MS has its own outlets in specific countries. These outlets have immediate access to the supply of products whenever required. There are certain situations where it cannot have its own outlets due to some government policies and other factors. In these cases, marks and spencer uses its internationalization strategy of franchising. So that it has its own functionality running by other company. All these have significant impacts in the brand distribution globally. Apart from these, government trade policies also play a part in the strategy formulation. Given the growing links among nations, it is very difficult to consider domestic policy without considering international repercussions. In the case of formulating its strategy in US, bilateral negotiations are carried out covering wide range of products, services and investments. Such a policy should pursue the government to facilitate competitiveness and encourage collaboration among companies in the areas of goods and process technologies. MS is an UK company where the marketing conditions have to be emphasized by the government and the product is socially accepted. Also great emphasis is placed on efficiency by government policies. Where as in US and Far East countries, they regard individualism and the promotional appeals should be relevant to the individual to incorporate lower power distance within the market. Also the main advantage of Marks and Spencer government policy is that it had an opportunity of taking advantage of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in US. It takes advantage of tax under this agreement and is outsourcing its products to Mexico and Canada. It also has an advantage of making economic sense in terms of logistics. The important policy priorities for the tax Policy Action Group (PAG) in the future include: The Tax Framework for Business The Value Added Tax The National Insurance Contributions M S will be benefitted over the above made policies by the government. The idea is to focus on the oversight and the management of the policy implications in indirect tax, company tax, personnel tax and customs duty. Conclusion The conventional wisdom on development of the developed companies like MS has focused on learning from mistakes. The leading MS Company showed that their high risk strategy of acquisition and direct investment can yield successful results backed up with technology, and cultural values. The insights from the study on MS suggest that overseas expansion is related to the need to improve global competitiveness in order to boost their outsourcing capabilities. No matter the distance and differences between the countries, MS has been the successful organization to open its companies in different countries and make them profitable ones. The only important aspect for it is to make a minimum number of changes to the functioning and marketing aspects depending upon the country in which it is operating in. thus from the above analysis it can be understood that the globalization strategy of MS created a new marketing paradigm in its success and also gained superior advantage and reputation irres pective of the host country policies and other factors. Hence it is clear from the strategies of an MS company that we live in a truly globalised economy where differences across countries are given little importance in development.